Legal essay writing
Thursday, August 27, 2020
Jacob Riis How The Other Half Lives Essay Assignment Example For Students
Jacob Riis How The Other Half Lives Essay Assignment This book discusses the settlers in the mid 1900s. The book portrays how they live their day by day lives in New York City. It helped me a ton on Riis photos and his compositions on to more readily comprehend the book and the brutal reality this individuals lived. This comes to give us that life isn't unreasonably simple and it will cost us work to succeed. Riis discussed all the worker significant gatherings that went to the United States during this timeframe. Riis was a piece partiality and generalized the individuals he expounded on. For instance he discussed he Italians as being card sharks and being moderate students. He censures them as being stupid and that is the explanation they were undermined their compensation roll. They were informed that by coming to America they would get payed well and not be charge lease however they were cheated. Migrant way of life was all around took a gander at by Riis. He took at take a gander at all the manners in which the poor lived in New York from their homes to their back rear entryways. Brief analysis was composed and acceptable photos were taken. Riis discussed the spots they lived in from poor lit lofts to nothing at all cellars. What the writer achieved by putting this book out was to educate the world, in its timeframe, todays present and completely what's to come. Riis indicated us the existence this individuals lived and a timeframe in America that ought to never be overlooked. This time in America is the thing that formed it into what it is today. He investigated how this individuals and called attention to it so the world can see. I have known about photojournalism yet this was the principal book I read on it. What's more, it was all around clarified everything with its works and photography was all around done. I would contrast this book with Newsweek report on the September 11 assaults. Despite the fact that they are totally different they were both two significant occasions and done. How the Other Half Lives mixed in the photos and its content well overall and it contacted very purpose of destitution in he 1900s. From the vagrants homes to an entire family way of life from awakening and working twelve hour shifts.Newsweek discussed another gigantic subject photo it and expounded on it. The article in this magazine discussed the subject close by which was psychological oppression and composed and photo the issues around it. Newsweek educated us regarding who was behind it and how it influenced the world and the United States. Comparable how Riis did it show how it influenced the families. Despite the fact that these two articles are totally different they demonstrated us the truth we face on the planet today. It comes to show that the information is out there its simply a question of time when somebody is going be get it and put it out so the world can see. Riis and Newsweek did was to educate us what was happening during that timespan.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Tanglewood Case 4 Essays
Tanglewood Case 4 Essays Tanglewood Case 4 Paper Tanglewood Case 4 Paper 1. Tanglewood presently utilizes customary indicators, for example, work understanding, instruction and meeting, to anticipate whether an up-and-comer has the qualities to exceed expectations in the zones of citizenship, nonappearance, execution and advancement. These indicators are demonstrated to anticipate a future employeeââ¬â¢s advancement potential. Be that as it may, just work experience can likewise foresee execution, the remainder of the determination apparatuses don't measurably anticipate citizenship, nonappearance or execution. The most exceedingly awful factual indicator of execution, in the conventional strategy, has demonstrated to be the meeting score with a high p-esteem and a low relationship. 2. Tanglewood might want to all the more precisely foresee the trait of future workers who will exceed expectations in citizenship and nonattendance. We have been exploring different avenues regarding various indicators, with some achievement, in the Seattle region, for the most recent year. The best indicators of these attributes have demonstrated factually to be the Marshfield client assistance biodata survey paper, with a connection of . 22 and a p-estimation of . 01 for citizenship and a connection of - . 17 and a p-estimation of . 1, and the character test which estimates extraversion and scruples concentrating on the reliability with a connection of . 18 and p-estimation of . 01 for citizenship and a connection of - . 33 and a p-estimation of . 01 for nonappearance. Be that as it may, as I would see it the biodata poll is definitely not a commonsense apparatus due the expense and the reality potential representatives may discover the paper addresses hard to reply with conceivab le long answers and the inquiries reacted to utilizing the 5-point scale numerous candidates may feel the appropriate responses require further explanation than the 5-point scale. Another issue with biodata as an indicator is the inquiries are posing forever encounters which huge numbers of the candidates might not have yet understanding because of their age and different confinements. The greatest distinction in the two examples, customary and the proposed strategy, with respect to connections is the size of the examples which changes the relationship importance. The purpose behind the distinction in the example size, of the proposed technique, is it was utilized as a preliminary base, at just chose stores and deliberately directed while the customary strategy data was accumulated casually. Employment Analysis: Store Associate Performance measurements and assignments proclamations: Welcome clients and find out what every client needs. Keep up information on current deals and advancements. Give suggestions or find product to clients. Answer questions with respect to the store and its product. Portray product and its activity and care to clients. Consistently screen for and resolve security and burglary issue. Ticket organize and show product to advance deals. KSAOs Knowledge of client support standards. Information on stock offered in the stores Correspondence and talking aptitudes Capacity to identify with others Aptitude in arranging, consolidating, and archiving data Capacity to perform light lifting and article control Indicator Measures Content legitimacy is utilized to gauge how the techniques are really estimating the ideal attributes. Tanglewood has an enthusiasm for improving citizenship and nonappearance. As indicated by the perception over, the best proportion of these attributes biodata and good faith. Content approval is most suitable when the example size is not many and standard measures are not accessible. 3. With the end goal for Tanglewood to discover great work up-and-comer it should look to the indicators and pick the ones that anticipate the trademark generally imperative to the organization. In like manner, they should keep on depending on the application clear to get data on instruction and work experience which precisely predicts execution and advancement potential. The administrators have just communicated an enthusiasm for holding the meeting as an indicator this is conceivable anyway the meeting ought to be normalized to an organized meeting with open finished inquiries to welcome the candidate to give the data required. This normalization will take into account candidates answers to be analyzed. Another great indicator for Tanglewood to manage is the good faith part of the character test which has demonstrated to be a precise indicator of citizenship and nonappearance. These trademark are essential to keep up the ideal culture at Tanglewood. They could likewise consider utilizing biodata which is a generally excellent indicator of every single distinguished trademark anyway the candidate may locate this a troublesome test because of the desire for the candidate portraying beneficial encounters which they might not have encountered because of their age or absence of life encounters. 4. Tanglewood ought to have accomplishment with the proposed approval methodology. Utilization of the application clear is normal and broadly excepted practice. The progressions to the meeting, normalization and open finished inquiries, will take into account correlations among the candidates. The principled test should, likewise, be handily acknowledged. The biodata test may perhaps demonstrate hard to oversee in the more country zones because of the desire for candidate to portray educational encounters and circumstances the don't have any significant bearing or have not been experienced. Be that as it may, these proposed approval methods should yield more qualified candidates superior to the conventional indicators and permit Tanglewood to get more workers with the trademark looked for by the organization.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Common App Essay Prompts
Common App Essay PromptsCommon App is one of the easiest online college program for teens because you don't have to sit down and complete a homework assignment or any type of book report. But while they can be very helpful, it is necessary to remember that you can still look at the many Common App essay prompts so that you can get an idea of how they are written, as well as being able to look at samples of students writing essays.Common App is a popular site that has many different types of topics that can be used to help your child learn about math and reading. One of the biggest things they have going for them is the fact that they allow students to use their own sources to write essays about various subjects. Of course this means that your child is writing with some information supplied by you but at least they are writing and submitting their own material.The Common App essay prompt is what allows them to do this and that is what makes it such a popular choice among students. In order to help you see the sample essays students are submitting, you can simply look through the Common App essay prompt information that is found on the site. This is the best way to see exactly what is going on in this particular area.The different samples on the site are specifically designed to show you that students can be successful and get through the material being taught at their school. While you will see samples of this in other different topics, you can also see examples from Common App and the site is one of the main reasons for that. They are also very useful for helping you understand what the samples on the site are going to be like.As you browse through the Common App essay prompt on the site, you can see that there are many different types of subjects that you will find that you can use to help your child through their education. Some of the topics are more specific than others but in most cases, students are able to use the topics in a variety of ways. It is impor tant to remember that these samples are just that, samples.So as you can see, it is not going to be impossible for you to find a few essay prompts that you can use to help your child out. Just because they are easy to find, doesn't mean that you can look through all of the samples that are found on the site and then write your own. But then again, if you cannot write your own essay on one of the sample topics, you will need to take another route to help your child understand what it is that they are being taught.For the most part, the Common App essay prompt is going to cover subjects like math, spelling, and vocabulary but there are also samples that cover writing, history, and even geography. Of course the topic is something that can easily be discussed on the Common App site. It is a great way to go through all of the topics that students are learning about in order to be able to see that the Common App method can work for anyone.When looking through the Common App essay prompts, it is easy to see that students will be able to use the materials they are given to help them understand all of the different topics that are being covered. However, if you are unable to write your own essay, there are plenty of other tools that you can use in order to help your child understand what is going on at their school. It is one of the best ways to get your child ready for college and it is one of the best ways to get a better grasp on how to teach at a community college or university.
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
10 Actinium Facts
Actinium is a radioactive metal that is the first element of the actinide series. Its sometimes considered the third element in Row 7 (last row) of the periodic table or in Group 3 (IIIB), depending on which chemist you ask. Here are 10 interesting facts about actinium. 10 Actinium Facts Actinium has atomic number 89, meaning each atom of the element has 89 protons. Its element symbol is Ac. It is an actinide, which also makes it a member of the rare earth element group, which is itself a subset of the transition metals group.Actinium was discovered in 1899 by French chemist Andre Debierne, who suggested the name for the element. The name comes from the Greek word aktinos or aktis, meaning ray or beam. Debierne was a friend of Marie and Pierre Curie. Some sources suggest he worked with Marie Curie to discover actinium, using a pitchblende sample from which polonium and radium had already been extracted (discovered by the Curies).Actinium was independently discovered again in 1902 by German chemist Friedrich Giesel, who had not heard of Debiernes work. Giesel suggested the name emanium for the element, which comes from the word emanation, meaning to emit rays.All isotopes of actinium are radioactive. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated, even though other radioactive elements had been identified. Radium, radon, and polonium were discovered before actinium but werent isolated until 1902.One of the more noteworthy actinium facts is that the element glows blue in the dark. The blue color comes from the ionization of gases in the air by radioactivity.Actinium is a silver-colored metal that has properties similar to those of lanthanum, the element located directly above it on the periodic table. The density of actinium is 10.07 grams per cubic centimeter. Its melting point is 1050.0à °C and boiling point is 3200.0à °C. Like other actinides, actinium readily tarnishes in the air (forming a white actinium oxide layer), is extremely dense, is highly electropositive, and likely forms numerous allotropes. The other actinides readily form compounds with nonmetals, although actinium compounds are not well-known.Although it is a rare natural element, actinium does occur in uranium ores, where it forms from the radioactive deca y of uranium and other radioisotopes, such as radium. Actinium is present at an abundance of 0.0005 parts per trillion by mass in the Earths crust. Its abundance in the solar system is negligible overall. There is about 0.15 mg of actinium per ton of pitchblende.Although it is found in ores, actinium is not commercially extracted from minerals. High-purity actinium may be made by bombarding radium with neutrons, causing the radium to decay in a predictable fashion into actinium. The primary use of the metal is for research purposes. It is valuable neutron source because of its high activity level. Ac-225 may be used for cancer treatment. Ac-227 may be used for thermoelectric generators, as for spacecraft.36 isotopes of actinium are knownââ¬âall radioactive. Actinium-227 and actinium-228 are the two that occur naturally. The half-life of Ac-227 is 21.77 years, while the half-life of Ac-228 is 6.13 hours.One interesting factoid is that actinium is about 150 times more radioactive than radium!Actinium presents a health hazard. If ingested, it is deposited into the bones and the liver, where radioactive decay damages cells, potentially leading to bone cancer or other illnesses.
Friday, May 15, 2020
The Process of Patent Assignment
Assignment has two related meanings in the world of inventing and patenting. For trademarks,à an assignmentà is a transfer of ownership of a trademark application or trademark registration from one entity to another, and for patents, an assignment involves the sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor to the assignee. The assignee is the entity that is the recipient of a transfer of a patent application, patent, trademark application, or trademark registration from its owner on record, the assignor. In patent assignments, the assignor will make an instant profit off of selling its patent, while the assignee gets rights to royalties and all future profits from the invention. You can assign the ownership of a patent application or patent. For all U.S. patents, assignments are recorded with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Assignment Services Division to keep the title clearà to pending patent applications and patents;à assignments can be searched on the USPTO website. Assignments arent always a voluntary transaction. For instance, an employee invention may be mandatorily assigned by an employee to the employer because of the contract that the employee has signed. For this reason, there are a number of laws and regulations surrounding patent assignmentsà that govern how the patent is handled and who owns individual patents. In contrast to patent licensing, an assignment is an irrevocable and permanent transfer of ownership. How to Apply Whether youre hoping to change ownership to another entity or party through assignment or hoping to change the name of a patent while its pending approval, you need to fill out an official Patent Assignment Recordation Coversheet by completing online forms at the USPTOs Assignment Recordation Branch website. This online system, known as the Electronic Patent Assignment System (EPAS), can be used to submit your cover sheet and supporting legal documentation online, which the USPTO will then process. If you are unsure about whether your patent has been granted an assignment, you can searchà the database of all recorded patent assignment information, which dates back to 1980. For patents earlier than 1980, you can go to the National Archives and Records Administration and request a copy of accompanying paperwork. How Long It Takes and Why According to the USPTO, getting a patent can take up to three years, so if youre hoping to start making money off of a new invention, selling the patent for your product and applying for a patent assignment may be the fastest way to actually see a return of investment on your new creation. Although the patent application assignment wont get your patent faster, it can assure the inventor and assignee are protected when it comes to ownership and rights. As a result, an assignment may be appropriate where the patent owner prefers to receive a lump-sum price at the time of the assignment rather than collecting royalties. Since a patent prevents other manufacturers from re-creating and selling your original concept, both you and the assignee would benefit from ensuring that once the invention becomes officially patented, it belongs to the right individual and no one else.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Corporate Social Responsibility Of Csr Disclosure Essay
Introduction A growing number of firms publish distinct corporate social responsibility reports at present. Various categories of businesses may have distinct activities towards CSR disclosure. Due to a lack of public CSR reporting standards and the multiplicity of the scope of CSR disclosure, executives have strong chances to disclose CSR information tactically. The decision of auditing corporate social responsibility is vital for Cloud 9 and hence some factors have to be considered. (Islam Deegan, 2010, p. 131) â⬠¢ Profitability Profitable companies face higher social restraints and public disclosure than less profitable businesses. They are affected by possible political costs, specifically, if they seem to be more lucrative. Thus, profitable firms may have to clarify that they function within the standards of society, as they will find it pricey to be related with actions that break societyââ¬â¢s prospects. Consequently, profitable corporations could be more interested in explaining through CSR disclosure how they yield their profitability than less profitable businesses. Additionally, profits offer directors with resources from which the expenses of disclosures are financed. (Guthrie Parker, 1989, p. 343) â⬠¢ Shareholder structure The chances for conflicts between shareholders and managers are higher in businesses where shares are extensively dispersed rather than in more closely held businesses. The motive is twofold: when ownership isShow MoreRelatedThe Factors Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure1037 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Factors Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ayman I. F. 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The legitimacy theory was born to strengthen objective of the corporate management to react to the expectations of the community membersRead MoreWhat Is Corporate Social Responsibility?1778 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is described in regards to the Japaneses Internet market, Yahoo Japan Corporation (the Company) along with its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates (the Yahoo Japan Group) to involve a full commitment on their part to the realization of an Internet environment that is characterized by safety, security and harmonious with the expectations and needs of society. P38) I. Safety and Security Characteristics Ensuring safety andRead MoreChallenges in Implementing Csr1580 Words à |à 7 PagesChallenges in implementing CSR Corporate Social Responsibility can be separate into internal dimension and external dimension. Internal dimension and external dimension Internal dimension focuses on organizational practices with respect to internal stakeholders that should be aligned to corporate social responsibility standards. It includes human resource management, safety and health, environmental impact and corporate change. External dimension focus on an organization practices towards externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : Corporate Social Responsibility785 Words à |à 4 PagesThe term ââ¬Å"corporate social responsibilityâ⬠(CSR), is described by the International Organization for Standardization (known as ISO) strategic advisory group on CSR as ââ¬Å"a balanced approachâ⬠which organizations use to handle economic, social and environmental issues in order to benefit people, communities and society (ISO, 2002). Also, Burchell (2008: 252) believes that CSR has ââ¬Å"the power to rebuildâ⬠the values of the contemporary corporation and the subsequent behavior and practice that such valuesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1367 Words à |à 6 Pagesnot report their performance in terms of Corporate Social Responsibility. Reports that are published are not well integrated in the annual financial statements and are often not verified by external auditors. However, more and more companies adopt standards of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and become more and more aware of the importance of these issues. In identifying businesses that embrace a CSR concept, the TRIGOS award for companies with good CSR offers a well known and reliable source
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
International Trade Theory free essay sample
Industry snowcapped volcanoes that rise to more than 20,000 feet. The bushes are protected by 20-foot-high canopies of plastic sheeting. The combination of intense sunlight, fertile volcanic soil, an equatorial location, and high altitude makes for ideal growing conditions, allowing roses to flower almost year-round. Ecuador apparently has a comparative advantage in the production of roses. Ecuadors rose industry started some 20 years ago and has been expanding rapidly since. Ecuador is noW the worlds fourth largest producer of roses. Roses are the nations fifth largest export, with customers allover the world. Rose farms generate $240 million in sales and support tens of thousands of jobs. In Cayambe, the population has increased in 10 years from 10,000 to 70,000, primarily as a result of the rose industry. The revenues and taxes from rose growers have helped to sophisticated pave roads, build schools, and construct irrigation systems. Maria works Monday to Saturday, and earns $210 a month, which she says is an average wage in Ecuador and substantially above the countrys $120 a month It is 6:20 AM, February 7, in the Ecuadorian town of Cayambe, and Maria Pacheco has just been dropped off for work by the company bus. She pulls on thick rubber gloves, wraps an apron over her white, traditional embroidered dress, and grabs her clippers, ready for another long day. Any other time of year, Maria would work until 2 PM, but its a week before Valentines Day, and Maria along with her 84 coworkers at the farm are likely to be busy until 5 PM. By then, Maria will have cut more than 1,000 rose stems. A few days later, after they have been refrigerated and shipped via aircraft, the roses Maria cut will be selling for premium prices in stores from New York to London. Ecuadorian roses are quickly becoming the Rolls Royce of roses. They have huge heads and unusually vibrant colors, including 10 different reds, from bleeding heart crimson to a rosy lovers blush. Most of Ecuadors 460 or so rose farms are located in the Cayambe and Cotopaxi regions, 10,000 feet up in the Andes about an hours drive from the capital, Quito. The rose bushes are planted in huge flat fields at the foot. Understand the important implications holds for business practice. that international trade theory minimum wage. The farm also provides her with health care and a pension. By employing women such as Maria, the industry has fostered a social revolution in which mothers and wives have more control over their familys spending, especially on schooling for their children. For all of the benefits that roses have bought to Ecuador, where the gross national income per capita is only $1,080 a year, the industry has come under fire from environmentalists. Large growers have been accused of misusing a toxic mixture of pesticides, fungicides, and fumigants to grow and export unblemished pest-free flowers. Reports claim that workers often fumigate roses in street clothes without protective equipment. Some doctors and scientists claim that many of the industrys 50,000 employees have serious health problems as a result of exposure to toxic chemicals. A study by the International Labor Organization claimed that women in the industry had more miscarriages than average and that some 60 percent of all workers suffered from headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and fatigue. Still, the critics acknowledge that their studies have been hindered by a lack of access to the farms, and they do not know what the true situation is. The International Labor Organization has also claimed that some rose growers in Ecuador use child labor, a claim that has been strenuously rejected by both the growers and Ecuadorian government agencies. In Europe, consumer groups have urged the European Union to press for improved environmental safeguards. In response, some Ecuadorian growers have joined a voluntary program aimed at helping customers identify responsible growers. The certification signifies that the grower has distributed protective gear, trained workers in using chemicals, and hired doctors to visit workers at least weekly. Other environmental groups have pushed for stronger sanctions, including trade sanctions, against Ecuadorian rose growers that are not environmentally certified by a reputable agency. On February 14, however, most consumers are oblivious to these issues; they simply want to show their appreciation to their wives and girlfriends with a perfect bunch of roses. 167 168 Part 3 The Global Trade and Investment EnVlfonment Introduction The Ecuadorian rose industry is a striking example of the benefits of free trade and globalization. Lower barriers to trade have allowed Ecuador to exploit its comparative advantage in the growing of roses and enabled the country to emerge as one of the largest exporters of roses in the world. This benefits Ecuador, where economic growth and personal incomes have been bolstered by the emergence of the rose growing industry. It also benefits consumers in developed nations, who now have access to affordable high-quality roses from Ecuador. February is not exactly the best time for growing roses in New York state, but thanks to free trade, a New Yorker can now buy a bunch of fresh roses for his beloved on February 14 that were picked in Ecuador only 24 hours earlier. It also benefits foreigners who export goods and services to Ecuador, for a stronger Ecuadorian economy can purchase more of those goods and services. If there are losers in this process, they are high-cost rose producers in places like Florida, who have lost business to the Ecuadorians. In the world of international trade, there are always winners and losers, but as economists have long argued, the benefits to the winners outweigh the costs borne by the losers, resulting in a net gain to society. Moreover, economists argue that in the long run free trade stimulates economic growth and raises living standards across the board. The economic arguments surrounding the benefits and costs of free trade in goods and services are not abstract academic ones. International trade theory has shaped the economic policy of many nations for the past 50 years. It was the driver behind the formation of the World Trade Organization and regional trade blocs such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The 1990s, in particular, saw a global move. toward greater free trade. It is crucially important to understand, therefore, what these theories are and why they have been so successful in shaping the economic policy of so many nations and the competitive environment in which international businesses compete. This chapter has two goals that go to the heart of the debate over the benefits and costs of free trade. The first is to review a number of theories that explain why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade. The second goal is to explain the pattern of international trade that we observe in the world economy. With regard to the pattern of trade, we will be primarily concerned with explaining the pattern of exports and imports of goods and services between countries. We will not be concerned with the pattern of foreign direct investment between countries; that is discussed in Chapter 7. An Overview of Trade Theory We open this chapter with a discussion of mercantilism. Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mercantilism advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. Although mercantilism is an old and largely discredited doctrine, its echoes remain in modern political debate and in the trade policies of many countries. Next we will look at Adam Smiths theory of absolute advantage. Proposed in 1776, Smiths theory was the first to explain why unrestricted free trade is beneficial to a country. Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country. Smith argued that the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports. His arguments imply that such a laissez-faire stance toward trade was in the best interests of a country. Building on Smiths work are twO additional theories that we shall review. One is the theory of comparative advantage, advanced by the 19th-century English economist David Ricardo. This theory is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. In the 20th century, Ricardos work was refined by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, whose theory is known as the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. InternatIonal Trade Theory Chapter 5 169 THE BEf\IEFITS OF TRADE The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify with precision the specific benefits of international trade. Common sense suggests that some international trade is beneficial. For example, nobody would suggest that Iceland should grow its own oranges. Iceland can benefit from trade by exchanging some of the products that it can produce at a low cost (fish) for some products that it cannot produce at all (oranges). Thus, by engaging in international trade, Icelanders are able to add oranges to their diet of fish. The theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin go beyond this commonsense notion, however, to show why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade even for products it is able to produce for itself. This is a difficult concept for people to grasp. For example, many people in the United States believe that American consumers should buy products made in the United States by American companies whenever possible to help save American jobs from foreign competition. The same kind of nationalistic sentiments can be observed in many other countries. However, the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin tell us that a countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home. The gains arise because international trade allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country, while importing products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. Thus it may make sense for the United States to specialize in the production and export of commercial jet aircraft since the efficient production of commercial jet aircraft requires resources that are abundant in the United States, such as a highly skilled labor force and cutting-edge technological know-how. On the other hand, it may make sense for the United States to import textiles from China since the efficient production of textiles requires a relatively cheap labor force-and cheap labor is not abundant in the United States. Of course, this economic argument is often difficult for segments of a countrys population to accept. With their future threatened by imports, U. S. textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. Although such import controls may benefit particular groups, such as textile businesses and their employees, the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin suggest that such action hurts the economy as a whole. Limits on imports are often in the interests of domestic producers, but not domestic consumers. PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin help to explain the pattern of international trade that we observe in the world economy. Some aspects of the pattern are easy to understand. Climate and natural resource endowments explain why Ghana exports cocoa, Brazil exports coffee, Saudi Arabia exports oil, and China exports crawfish. However, much of the observed pattern of international trade is more difficult to explain. For example, why does Japan export automobiles, consumer electronics, and machine tools? Why does Switzerland export chemicals, pharmaceuticals, watches, and jewelry? David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage offers an explanation in terms of international differences in labor productivity. The more sophisticated Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production (such as land, labor, and capital) are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are needed for producing particular goods. This explanation rests on the assumption that countries have varying endowments of the various factors of production. Tests of this theory, however, suggest that it is a less powerful explanation of realworld trade patterns than once thought.
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